Php versions – AVR128DB28 communication with SD card over SPI failed

I am trying to achieve communication between an AVR128DB28 microcontroller and an SD card over SPI.I’m programming it in Microchip Studio, programming is done through an MPLAB SNAP over UPDI. The program is in C.

My program looks like this:

/*
 * AVR128_sdcardTEST.c
 *
 * Created: 15.04.2024 14:52:31
 * Author : Komputer_3
 */ 

#include <avr/io.h>
#include <avr/delay.h>
#include <stdint-gcc.h>

#define SPI_PORT    PORTA
#define MOSI        PIN4_bm
#define MISO        PIN5_bm
#define SCK         PIN6_bm
#define CS          PIN7_bm

#define CS_ENABLE()     SPI_PORT.OUTCLR = CS
#define CS_DISABLE()    SPI_PORT.OUTSET = CS

#define CMD0        0
#define CMD0_ARG    0x00000000
#define CMD0_CRC    0x94

uint8_t SPI_transfer(uint8_t data){
    SPI0.DATA = data;
    while (!(SPI0.INTFLAGS & SPI_IF_bm));
    return SPI0.DATA;
}

void SDC_powerUp(void){
    CS_DISABLE();
    _delay_ms(1);
    for(uint8_t i=0; i<10; i++){
        SPI_transfer(0xff);
    }
    CS_DISABLE();
    SPI_transfer(0xff);
}

void SDC_command(uint8_t cmd, uint32_t arg, uint8_t crc){
    SPI_transfer((cmd & 127) | 64); //0b01xxxxxx
    
    SPI_transfer((uint8_t)(arg >> 24));
    SPI_transfer((uint8_t)(arg >> 16));
    SPI_transfer((uint8_t)(arg >> 8));
    SPI_transfer((uint8_t)(arg));
    
    SPI_transfer(crc | 1);  //0bxxxxxxx1
}

uint8_t SDC_readRes1(){
    uint8_t i = 0, res1;
    // keep polling until actual data received
    while((res1 = SPI_transfer(0xFF)) == 0xFF){ // ERROR: returns 0 instead of 1
        i++;

        // if no data received for 8 bytes, break
        if(i > 8) break;
    }

    return res1;
}

uint8_t SD_goIdle(){
    // assert chip select
    SPI_transfer(0xFF);
    CS_ENABLE();
    SPI_transfer(0xFF);

    // send CMD0
    SDC_command(CMD0, CMD0_ARG, CMD0_CRC);

    // read response
    uint8_t res1 = SDC_readRes1();

    // deassert chip select
    SPI_transfer(0xFF);
    CS_DISABLE();
    SPI_transfer(0xFF);

    return res1;
}

int main(void)
{
    _PROTECTED_WRITE(CLKCTRL.OSCHFCTRLA,  (CLKCTRL.OSCHFCTRLA & (~CLKCTRL_FRQSEL_gm)) | CLKCTRL_FRQSEL_24M_gc);
    
    SPI_PORT.DIRSET = MOSI | SCK | CS;
    SPI_PORT.DIRCLR = MISO;
    
    PORTD.DIRSET = PIN1_bm | PIN2_bm | PIN3_bm | PIN4_bm | PIN5_bm;
    
    SPI0.CTRLA =    (1 << SPI_MASTER_bp)    |       // Tryb Master
                    (0 << SPI_DORD_bp)      |       /* kierunek wysylania bitow: 0-MSB, 1-LSB */
                    (1 << SPI_CLK2X_bp)     |       /* podwojenie predkosci */
                    SPI_PRESC_DIV4_gc       |       /* Preskaler */
                    SPI_ENABLE_bm;                  /* wlacz SPI */
    SPI0.CTRLB = SPI_SSD_bm | SPI_MODE_0_gc;
    /* Select Slave Disable pin is set, according to he docs I linked, 
    when you are not using multi-master mode. Since I'm not, the CS/SS 
    pin is not under control of the SPI register and instead I control 
    it by manually changing the pins state: the CS_ENABLE and DISABLE 
    are #defined as PORTA.OUTSET = PIN7_bm and opposite */
    
    _delay_ms(500);
    
    SDC_powerUp();
    uint8_t res1 = SD_goIdle();
    if(res1 == 1){
        PORTD.OUTSET = PIN5_bm;
    }
    else{
        PORTD.OUTSET = res1 & 0b00001111;
        _delay_ms(1500);
        PORTD.OUTCLR = 0b00001111;
        PORTD.OUTSET = (res1 >> 4) & 0b00001111;
    }
    
    while (1) 
    {
    }
}

It’s an adapted version of this website’s code:
http://www.rjhcoding.com/avrc-sd-interface-1.php

This here is the problem part:

int8_t SDC_readRes1(){
    uint8_t i = 0, res1;
    // keep polling until actual data received
    while((res1 = SPI_transfer(0xFF)) == 0xFF){ // ERROR: returns 0 instead of 1
        i++;

        // if no data received for 8 bytes, break
        if(i > 8) break;
    }

    return res1;
}

In short, sending the CMD0 command to the SD card, which changes the card’s state into Idle, should produce an R1 response format with the value of 0x01, or 0b00000000. the leftmost bit is always 0, rightmost one is "Is idle state", and the rest are error flags. The return is 0.

In case you need it, here’s a link to the micro’s datasheet:
https://www.microchip.com/en-us/product/avr128db28#document-table (it’s a link to a site with pdf download)

EDIT:

After a power on reset (unplugging and plugging to power) the card responds with 0b00010111. From left to right, the set flags are:

1. Erase sequence error – An error in the sequence of erase commands occurred.
2. Illegal command – incorrect command code.
3. Erase reset – An erase sequence was cleared before executing because an out of erase sequence command was received.
4. In idle state – the card is reset and idle.