Update 2 with solution, tested and working

I write the result directly, so if you don’t like it, don’t waste time implementing the code. Not quite exactly what you were looking for, but the most I managed to do is this: example.com/my-account/orders/page/?n=2

I looked at the topic all day, looked for similar questions and studied the reference https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/functions/paginate_links/, but couldn’t get it to work as described in your question. It is also in my interest to achieve a similar result, I want to understand how it works. In any case, we are waiting for someone who knows the subject well, maybe he will be able to give a better answer.

As for the previous update, I will write you what I did step by step

1. Go to /themes/theme-child/woocommerce/myaccount

2. If you have the order.php file open it, otherwise create it. Then you will have /themes/theme-child/woocommerce/myaccount/orders.php

3. Inside the orders.php file paste the following template, this time I added custom queries at the beginning and changed the final part slightly.

<?php
/**
 * Orders
 *
 * Shows orders on the account page.
 *
 * This template can be overridden by copying it to yourtheme/woocommerce/myaccount/orders.php.
 *
 * HOWEVER, on occasion WooCommerce will need to update template files and you
 * (the theme developer) will need to copy the new files to your theme to
 * maintain compatibility. We try to do this as little as possible, but it does
 * happen. When this occurs the version of the template file will be bumped and
 * the readme will list any important changes.
 *
 * @see https://docs.woocommerce.com/document/template-structure/
 * @package WooCommerceTemplates
 * @version 3.7.0
 */

defined( 'ABSPATH' ) || exit;

do_action( 'woocommerce_before_account_orders', $has_orders ); 

?>

<?php if ( $has_orders ) : ?>
  <?php
  $paged = max( 1, (int) filter_input( INPUT_GET, 'n' ) );
  $customer_orders = wc_get_orders( apply_filters('woocommerce_my_account_my_orders_query',array(
    'customer_id'     => get_current_user_id(),
    'posts_per_page' => 3, // post per page
    'paged'          => $paged,
    'paginate'       => true,
  )));
  ?>

  <table class="woocommerce-orders-table woocommerce-MyAccount-orders shop_table shop_table_responsive my_account_orders account-orders-table">
    <thead>
      <tr>
        <?php foreach ( wc_get_account_orders_columns() as $column_id => $column_name ) : ?>
          <th class="woocommerce-orders-table__header woocommerce-orders-table__header-<?php echo esc_attr( $column_id ); ?>"><span class="nobr"><?php echo esc_html( $column_name ); ?></span></th>
        <?php endforeach; ?>
      </tr>
    </thead>

    <tbody>
      <?php
        foreach ( $customer_orders->orders as $customer_order ) {
          $order      = wc_get_order( $customer_order ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.WP.GlobalVariablesOverride.Prohibited
          $item_count = $order->get_item_count() - $order->get_item_count_refunded();
          ?>
            <tr class="woocommerce-orders-table__row woocommerce-orders-table__row--status-<?php echo esc_attr( $order->get_status() ); ?> order">
              <?php foreach ( wc_get_account_orders_columns() as $column_id => $column_name ) : ?>
                <td class="woocommerce-orders-table__cell woocommerce-orders-table__cell-<?php echo esc_attr( $column_id ); ?>" data-title="<?php echo esc_attr( $column_name ); ?>">
                  <?php if ( has_action( 'woocommerce_my_account_my_orders_column_' . $column_id ) ) : ?>
                    <?php do_action( 'woocommerce_my_account_my_orders_column_' . $column_id, $order ); ?>

                    <?php elseif ( 'order-number' === $column_id ) : ?>
                    <a href="<?php echo esc_url( $order->get_view_order_url() ); ?>">
                      <?php echo esc_html( $order->get_order_number() ); ?>
                    </a>

                    <?php elseif ( 'order-date' === $column_id ) : ?>
                    <time datetime="<?php echo esc_attr( $order->get_date_created()->date( 'c' ) ); ?>"><?php echo esc_html( wc_format_datetime( $order->get_date_created() ) ); ?></time>

                    <?php elseif ( 'order-total' === $column_id ) : ?>
                    <?php echo $order->get_formatted_order_total(); ?>

                    <?php elseif ( 'order-status' === $column_id ) : ?>
                    <?php echo esc_html( wc_get_order_status_name( $order->get_status() ) ); ?>

                    <?php elseif ( 'order-actions' === $column_id ) : ?>
                    <?php
                      $actions = wc_get_account_orders_actions( $order );
                      if ( ! empty( $actions ) ) {
                        foreach ( $actions as $key => $action ) { // phpcs:ignore WordPress.WP.GlobalVariablesOverride.Prohibited
                          echo '<a href="' . esc_url( $action['url'] ) . '" class="woocommerce-button button ' . sanitize_html_class( $key ) . '">' . esc_html( $action['name'] ) . '</a>';
                        }
                      }
                    ?>
                  <?php endif; ?>
                </td>
              <?php endforeach; ?>
            </tr>
          <?php
        }
      ?>
    </tbody>
  </table>

  <?php do_action( 'woocommerce_before_account_orders_pagination' ); ?>
  <nav class="woocommerce-pagination">
    <?php
      echo paginate_links(array(
        'base'          => esc_url( wc_get_endpoint_url( 'orders') ) . 'page/%_%', // Base of the paginated url.
        'format'        => '?n=%#%', // Format for the pagination structure.
        'total'         => $customer_orders->max_num_pages, // The total amount of pages. Default is the value WP_Query's max_num_pages or 1.
        'current'       => $paged, // The current page number. Default is 'paged' query var or 1.
        'show_all'      => false, // Whether to show all pages. Default false.
        'end_size'      => 3, // How many numbers on either the start and the end list edges. Default 1.
        'mid_size'      => 3, // How many numbers to either side of the current pages. Default 2.
        'prev_next'     => true, // Whether to include the previous and next links in the list. Default true.
        'prev_text'      => __('<span>« Prev</span>'), // The previous page text. Default '« Previous'.
        'next_text'     => __('<span>Next »</span>'), // The next page text. Default 'Next »'.
      )); 
    ?> 
  </nav> 

  <?php else : ?>
  <p class="woocommerce_message"><?php esc_html_e( 'No order has been made yet.', 'woocommerce' ); ?></p>
<?php endif; ?>

<?php do_action( 'woocommerce_after_account_orders', $has_orders ); ?>

4. In the functions.php file remove the following function, I had it added to you in the previous update, but since you now have a custom query you don’t need the code below.

// Query Post - How many orders do you want to display per page in the orders.php template ?
add_filter( 'woocommerce_my_account_my_orders_query', 'custom_my_account_orders', 10, 1 );
function custom_my_account_orders( $args ) {
   // Set the post per page
   $args['limit'] = 6;
   return $args;
}

5. Still in the functions.php file, delete what you did previously, you don’t need it.

function woocommerce_my_account_my_orders_query1() {
    $current_page = get_query_var( 'paged' ) ? (int) get_query_var( 'paged' ) : 1;
    $customer_orders = array(
        'customer' => get_current_user_id(),
        'page'     => $current_page,
        'paginate' => true,
    );
    return $customer_orders;
} add_filter( 'woocommerce_my_account_my_orders_query', 'woocommerce_my_account_my_orders_query1', 10, 1 );

Try and let us know if it works, hope this helps.